Psychology Coursework

Psychology Coursework Psychology Coursework Psychology Coursework. What Do The Students Expect? Students, who want to unite their lives with psychology in the future must get a masters degree on this subject, therefore they should obtain psychology courses and write a psychology coursework: After the graduation they can work as doctors, teachers and have other occupation which is connected with peoples psychology. Their career depends on the doing their psychology courseworkproperly, so it is an important step in their education and it should be treated corresponding. There are different types of the assignments which can be done by the student for the obtaining the psychology degree. Format For Psychological Coursework A psychology courseworkcan be written in the form of essay, dissertation, term paper and other study assignments. As it must cover a plenty of literature material, so the demonstration by the students of their talent of disposing facts and analyzing material should be on the high level If the practical part is present, the student should observe the actions and the results of the experiments and then to put down these clinical observations in the form of the report to their psychology coursework And the students should remember that any theoretical statements should be supported by the hands-on experiment If the student is insuch a level of education that there is a turn for the dissertation, so it should be done perfectly and have much efforts for the better understanding of the problem. The student should be deeply absorbed in the issued problem and the practical part is a must-be requirement here. But it is not the only thing which is the element of the dissertation or extended psychology coursework. The students are expected to show view of other scholars and make a conclusion, which study is more appropriate for the demonstration of the solution to the problem or to the hide question within the topic of the assignment. There is another one type of the psychology coursework, which can be called as case study, when a student should do a research basing on the profile of the patient of a group of them. There must be a lot of arguments and the psychological ability of patients should be observed in the different situations. Their behavior, their justifying of the done actions should be considered also. Then a student can offer a suggestion how the mental problem or life conditions could be improved and the danger of the mental illnesses can be avoided. Areas Of Psychology There some areas of psychology, which can be observed by students, they are: Abnormal psychology Applied psychology Behavioral psychology Child psychology Clinical psychology Developmental psychology Educational psychology Experimental psychology general psychology Gestalt psychology Social psychology. So if you are not sure in the efforts, so you can entrust the writing to our writing service. We should notice that no customer had any complaint about our service. Our experts can perform any order concerning any topic or form of the assignment. Good luck to you and be happy with us! Related posts: Informative Essay Writing How to Write a Good College Essay? Essay about Bosnia College Essay Online College Essay Help

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7 Introduction 7-Eleven is one of the largest companies in the world that operate a chain of convenient stores. Since 1974, the company has been operating under the name 7-Eleven Japan Company Limited (Szymankiewicz, 2007). While viewing the company from a franchising end, 7-Eleven is has the largest licensed franchise in the world with approximately 39,000 outlets worldwide (Szymankiewicz, 2007). Initially, McDonalds Corporation was rated as the largest franchise in the world.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on 7-Eleven in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, from the statistics that were taken in the year 2007, 7-Eleven emerged as the largest franchise in the world surpassing McDonalds by over 1000 stores. The company is now operating in 16 countries in the world. Its main markets are found in the US, Japan, Canada and South East Asia. However, the company has been on an expansion spree in the last sever al years. One of the main markets that the company has been target in China. Despite its late entry into the Chinese market, 7-Eleven has grown to be one of the leading retail outlets in the country. It has successfully taken over the traditional Chinese catering industry and offers stiff competition to brands that had been well established in the industry. Development of 7-Eleven 7-Eleven was founded by Joe C. Thompson in Dallas, Texas in 1927 (Doyle and Broadbridge, 2009). Joe was an employee of Southland Ice Company. He began selling bread, milk and eggs. Thompson discovered that it was easier for him to sell convenient items to consumer after realising that the ice he had could be used to preserve these items. This greatly reduced the number of times individuals had to travel to grocery stores in order to purchase these items. As a result of the early success that Thompson enjoyed, he bought Southland Ice Company. He called the new business Southern Corporation. Southern Corpora tion became successful in its early years and expanded into other regions within the Dallas area. During this time, Southern Corporation stores were opened between 7am and 11pm. In 1946, the name of the company was changed to 7-Eleven with regards to reflect its operating hours. By 1952, 7-Eleven had opened its 100th store. In 1962, it commenced a 24-hour operation trial in Austin, Texas that was successful. However, during the early 1980s, the company started to experience recurring financial crisis. However, Ito Yokado managed to save the company from bankruptcy. Eventually, the company was sold in 1987 and by 1991, the company was managed by the Japanese who had a majority share. In 1992, the company was operated under Seven and I Holding Company founded by Ito Yokado who had been one of the largest franchisee of 7-Eleven and commenced a massive expansion activity all over the globe.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! G et your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main target market for 7-Eleven is convenient customers who require fast, high quality, efficient and reliable goods and services. These services should be provided in clean and friendly environments. The locations of 7-Eleven stores are selected in order to be easily accessible to consumers. Furthermore, some of these stores have up to 2,500 different products. In addition, the location, design and operations of these stores are designed in such a way that aims at satisfying the needs of the local people; the target market (Sakata, 2006). 7-eleven stores are well known in the countries in which they operate in for Big Gulp, Big Bite and Slurpee. These are the main food and drinks that are found in almost all of their stores worldwide. In addition to this, 7-Eleven openings also have fresh brewed coffee, sandwiches, burgers and hotdogs and other fast foods. This has made the brand to be a convenient food store since it offers a variety of breakfast, lunch and dinner meals. In addition, these openings also offer other services that may meet the needs and requirements of the local market. This includes automated money machines, lottery tickets, phone cards and so on. From its origin in Dallas, Texas 7-Eleven operates and franchises over 7,000 openings in the United States, 6,000 in Canada and over 32,000 outside America. This has made it to be the leading franchise in the world (Doyle and Broadbridge, 2009). Intercompany Collaboration In the retail service that 7-Eleven is involved in, supply chain has always been an essential factor that has contributed to the success that the company is currently enjoying. Supply chain is the process through which different corporations come work together in the process of converting raw materials from the producer to finished products to the retailer (Sakata, 2006). In this process, each company that is part of the supply chain plays a critical role in converting the good into a finished product. Due to the presence of a joint venture, the operating costs and manufacturing costs that are accrued in the process of converting the product are always shared among the members of the supply chain. This has an overall effect of increasing the profitability rates of supply chain members by reducing their operating costs.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on 7-Eleven in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its operations all over the world, 7-Eleven has always embraced the concept of supply chain. As a result, the company has always been involved entered into a number of intercompany collaborations in order to achieve its short term and long-term goals and objectives. For instance, 7-Eleven openings in Japan and China have collaborated with local bread suppliers (Arntzen et al, 2005). Most of the bread and baked products that are found in these openings are not baked in house b ut are supplied by external sources. The franchise has collaborated with local bakeries to supply them with bread and other baked products as per the specifications of the customers. This has been done in order to ensure that the openings are able to satisfy the needs and demands of the market. In Japan, the over 10,000 openings that are present have a computerised integrated system that regulated the production, planning and inventory control of the region (Arntzen et al, 2005). This ensures that bread and other baked products are produced with regards to the exact market demand that is accurate and not with regards to trends or speculation. This has greatly reduced the costs that these stores would have otherwise encountered with regards to the production and supply of the products. The presence of a computerised system to control the quantity of goods available in 7-Eleven openings has played a critical role in ensuring that these stores are able to meet the market demand. In add ition, the use of information technology in its operations has also led to the avoidance of extreme situations in which the supply is too much or too little. This has resulted to the avoidance of the bullwhip effect that normally arises as a result of inefficiencies in the lower part of the supply chain. If such an effect is not checked early enough, it may result to adverse effects as one moves up the chain hence bringing about inefficiencies that may result to lack of cooperation among the members of the supply chain. 7-Eleven has always sought creative and innovative methods to satisfying the needs and requirements of its target market. It is due to this fact that the company has always collaborated with other organizations in order to get reliable chain sources and delivery services for its products (Fernie, 2004). This in turn increases the availability of products in their stores to meet the demand and reduces the risks and inconveniences of poor supply of finished products. T herefore, the management of 7-Eleven has always strived to ensure that at all levels of the supply chain, from the producer to the consumer, goods are available at exact quantities. This has always ensured that the goods are always available at the right places within the time periods that they are required at the right quantities.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Japanese franchise is one of the most profitable 7-Eleven franchises in the world. It is ranked the third most successful food franchise in the world. The main factor that has led to this success is the concept of intercompany integration and inter-store integration. The introduction of combined distribution centres and a central inventory system that check and regulated the quantity of stocks in all the stores have made it easier for products to circulate within the market. This has led to timely delivery services and availability of products to consumers. In addition, from the system, the products that have a low turnover rate can be identified. In most cases, such products are always eliminated from the stores to create more room for those products whose turnover rates are much higher. This has ensured that all the stores have fresh products at a given time, an essential requirement for consumer retention. While expanding its activities in China, 7-Eleven has been using this strategy and it has proved to be quite fruitful. Strategic Global Alliances The level of trade has grown remarkably over the last few decades as a result of the advancements that are being experienced in the field of information, communications and technology (ICT) (Jovanovic, 2011). These advancements have also increased the number of tradable services in the field of IT and ICT that have made the offshoring and outsourcing of services to be much easier. The ease in the tradability of these services coupled with the increased independence of the location has contributed to the offshoring of services by many companies in the west (Kapila, 2009). These advancements have encouraged the development of globalization. 7-Eleven for instance has its origin in USA. However, it has markets in 16 countries worldwide. This is as a result of globalization. Globalization has also influenced the manner in which companies market their products and interact with their customers. They have embraced the use of technology in order to survive the stiff competition in the market. Some of them, for example, have incorporated the use of social networks and brand communities as a communication strategy of reaching and engaging customers. This because social networks and brand communities are the easiest and most efficient ways through which consumers can be reached as a result of technological changes that the world is currently facing. Most organizations and business companies therefore have stopped stop using outdated methods of reaching out to consumers. As a result of globalization, the tastes and preferences of consumers have expanded. In addition, the level of competition among businesses has increased. This has come about as a result of the availability of substitutes and alternatives. Most of the barriers that initially prevented firms from entering into new markets have been eliminated. Thus, for companies have come up with strategic plans in order to be profitable and susta inable in the short run and in the long run. One of the strategies that these companies have adopted and implemented in their operations is through the formation of alliances. Alliances can be formed through partnerships, mergers or acquisitions. In the course of its operations, 7-Eleven has entered into a number of strategic alliances with renowned companies in the globe. While celebrating its 30th anniversary since its entry in Taiwan in the year 2008, 7-Eleven partnered up with Microsoft while on a campaign to strengthen its brand name and reach out to a new target market; the individuals who fall under the bracket of the young consumer group (Doyle and Broadbridge, 2009). The company was also using other media options in this campaign. The main reason why it chose Microsoft to launch this campaign was as a result of the popularity of the Microsoft brand in Taiwan among the individuals of the young age. Thus, by forming a strategic alliance, the young market will identify the 7-E leven brand name with Microsoft. In the electronic age that we are living in, the managers at 7-Eleven identified that it was necessary to market their brand by using IT hence chose Microsoft as their online partner. The main aim of this campaign was: Improving the 7-Eleven brand name Directing traffic towards their website Increasing store revenue Attracting young consumers This campaign was successful as it created a salient image of 7-Eleven on its target market. Their website got over 68 million hits and the sales during the campaign increased. In the year 2006, Shell Singapore and 7-Eleven Singapore entered into a strategic alliance. In this agreement, 7-Eleven was to provide convenient retail services in all the filling stations that Shell owns all across Singapore (Kunitomo, 2007). Consumers will visit these stations will not only enjoy the high quality fuel in courtesy of Shell but they will also enjoy a wide array of goods and services available at the 7-Eleven stores. Th is was a win-win alliance for Shell Singapore, 7-Eleven Singapore and the consumers who visit these stores. From the alliance, the revenue earned by Shell and 7-Eleven increased. In addition, consumers reported higher satisfaction levels from the performance surveys that were conducted by shell (Kunitomo, 2007). Thus, in its early days in the Chinese market, 7-Eleven should form strategic alliances with companies that have a strong brand name and try to achieve a win-win outcome from the collaboration. 7-Eleven in China Since the early 1990s, China has been experiencing a tremendous growth in its economy. In the early 2000s, China was ranked as the country that has the highest economic growth rate in the world. In 2003, the country reported a GDP of 9% (Martins, 2003). As a result, China presents a vibrant emerging market that is the target of many businesses including 7-Eleven. In China, franchising has become one of the business ventures that have a high potential of growth. This is because it incorporates individuals who do not have a lot of capital into already established brands. Initially, the poor frameworks that surrounded franchising in China made it to be a risky venture hence discouraged a lot of foreign investors. However, with the amendment of the law, the securities of the franchiser and the franchisee have been guaranteed (Newman and Atkinson, 2010). 7-Eleven entered the Chinese market in 2004 (Newman and Atkinson, 2010). Despite their late entry, the company has become successful as a result of its efficient marketing and operating strategies. 7-Eleven stores are characterised by offering high quality services and innovation of new ones (such as the salad island). These services have enabled the company to attract a lot of customers and after a few years in the market, 7-Eleven has become the number one competitor of Hwa Food Corporation, Chinas leading food retailer. However, on their entry into the Chinese market, 7-Eleven has mainly concentr ated on the catering industry over the other ventures that it conducts. This is due to the fact that the management view China as a risky market hence they do not want to risk it all at once. In increasing their brand recognition, 7-Eleven has implemented some of the strategies that had proved to be successful while entering into other markets. For instance, the company has implemented the value chain strategy that was used in Japan in the procurement of goods and services. In addition, the company has integrated IT in its operation to assist in operations and inventory control (Newman and Atkinson, 2010). In China, 7-Eleven has formed alliances with FedEx, UPS and some industries in the shipping and ports industry. These factors have made the brand name of the company to be strong within the region. Through its capability of adjusting to market constrains, 7-Eleven has been able to develop a range of kitchen products that meet the needs and requirements of the Chinese market. For i nstance, the introduction of the soymilk and a variety of milk tea production has increased the number of clients that these stores receive especially during breakfast hours. In addition, the quality of service at these restaurants have guaranteed maximum satisfaction of consumers. In the last quarter of 2011 for instance, it was averaged that each store receives approximately 900 clients per day (Newman and Atkinson, 2010). This has resulted to the high profit margins that the company is currently enjoying in China. Conclusion and Recommendations 7-Eleven has grown to be the leading franchise company in the world. Through its effective and efficient operations, the company operates in 16 countries in the world. In its recent quest of expansion, the company ventured into the Chinese market. Despite the fact that this market posses high risks, the rate of growth that 7-Eleven has exhibited is desirable. However, for the company to be sustainable in the short run and in the long run, it should form alliances and partnerships with brands that are already established in the Chinese market. In addition, 7-Eleven should identify the cultural differences of this market and formulate strategies that will enhance the culture of the local people. The company should also introduce products that meet the taste and preferences of the market and finally adjust their selling price to meet the financial requirements of a higher proportion of the population. References Arntzen, B.C., Brown, G.G., Harrison, T.P., and Trafton, L.L. (2005). Global Supply Chain Management at Digital Equipment Corporation. Interfaces, 21 (5), pp.69-93 Doyle, S. and Broadbridge, M. (2009). Strategic Supplier Segmentation: The Next Best Practice in Supply Chain Management. California Management Review, 40 (2), pp.57-60. Fernie, J. (2004). International Comparisons of Supply Chain Management in Grocery Retailing. Service Industries Journal, 15 (4), pp.134-47 Jovanovic, M. (2011). International Handboo k on the Economics of Integration:  Competition, Spatial Location of Economic Activity and Financial Issues.  Sacramento: Edward Elgar Publishing Kapila, U. (2009). Indian Economy since Independence. New Delhi: Academic Foundation Kunitomo, R. (2007). 7-Eleven is Revolutionizing Grocery Distribution in Japan. Long Range Planning, 30 (6), pp.877-89. Martins, D. (2003). Efficient Consumer Response: Enhancing Consumer Value in the Grocery Industry, Food Marketing Institute, Washington, DC. Newman, G and Atkinson, E. (2010). Seven-Eleven Japan Company Ltd. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 2 (1), pp. 19-22 Sakata, S (2006). An Analysis of the Japanese Convenience Store Industry: A Case Study of 7-Eleven Japan Corporation. University of Sterling: Unpublished MSc Thesis Szymankiewicz, R. (2007). How can Service Business Survive and Prosper? Sloan Management Review, 27 (2), pp. 21-32.

What are environmental benefits of joining European Union Essay

What are environmental benefits of joining European Union - Essay Example Firstly, scholars have noted that the environmental standards that the European Union promotes can potentially save between 50,000 and 150,000 lives in countries that adopt EU standards; due to reduced levels of air pollution alone (Daly, 2012). With such a drastic reduction in death associated with air pollution, the society itself is not only better off and more healthy, they are able to defray a great many expenses that are associated with the long term healthcare of those individuals that suffer from this pollution. Estimates from scholars put the total cost savings that are associated with the above issue at tens of billions of pounds annually. Such a change can clearly be denoted with respect to the vastly positive shift in air purity that was represented within Romania’s air pollution index after European Union inclusion. Additionally, people in rural areas can be connected to municipal waste management systems; thereby reducing the pollution that takes place within the countryside as a result of illegal dumping. The power that this particular requirement has is oftentimes misunderstood or under-stated. However, by standardizing and centralizing the waste management of these nations, the entire ecosystem is preserved from the harm that many smaller and less stringent dumping sites would necessarily reflect (Kingston, 2010). The European Union also promotes a series of new requirements on nature protection; these will help to preserve the natural habitat of many creatures and a great many forest and swamp lands for future generations to enjoy (Bertram & Rehdanz, n.d.). Although such a consideration is oftentimes not the first concern of those individuals that wish to promote a further level of economic growth and independence, it is necessary for the preservation of the nation’s resources to consider the long term impacts that further destruction of

Corporate Social Responsibility and Enhancement of Competitive Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility and Enhancement of Competitive Advantage of Companies - Essay Example This paper is aimed at providing a detailed study of the fact that Corporate Social responsibility is a business strategy which can be used by business organisations to enhance their competitive advantage in markets for various goods and services. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility and its importance: In a study, conducted in 2005, it has been revealed by more than 80 percent of respondents (who were business executives in different organisations) that, business strategies related to Corporate Social Responsibility is extremely essential for their businesses (Blowfield, Blowfield and Murray, 2011, p.10). The phrase Corporate Social Responsibility has been described in modern businesses as one of the most important business practices. With the help of this responsibility multinational corporations are redefining their function in the society and their functional responsibilities to rights of the human beings and the environment. Ethical as well as environmental aspects, al ong with effective business strategies are important components of Corporate Social Responsibility. ... According to few companies the practice of corporate social responsibilities business organisation can acquire greater profits through greater market shares (Forcese, 2008, pp.153-154). It is sometimes argued by business organisations that as long as they are paying taxes to the government and wages to their employees and even maintaining regulations related to health and safety needs they are acting as good corporate citizens. Economists like Milton Friedman (1970) supported this view of doing businesses or running corporate organisations. The problem associated with this business strategy came into effect when economists argued that in this method certain sections of the society (mainly poor people) are getting marginalised. Therefore these economists, including John Gregory Mankiw, have suggested to incorporate the government to provide goods and services to these deprived people and hence to protect these people from corporate strategies. By the end of 1980s this corporate busine ss strategies have been criticised by many economists and environmentalists. A rapid revolution started during this time in regard to greater environmental protection against unethical corporate practices. As a result of these environmental movements Union Carbide had to withdraw its business from Bhopal, India, General Motors to stop ‘selling vehicles with military application to the apartheid government in South Africa’ and many other large businesses, like Nestle, to change their business strategies. In the 2000s these changes started to include oil and gas industry across the globe, making significant changes in applications of business ethics by large number of multinational corporations all over the world. In this time, mainly after 2000, many multinational

Analyzing the Marketing Mix Strategy of Apple Inc Essay Example for Free

Analyzing the Marketing Mix Strategy of Apple Inc Essay Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers Over the last decade, Apple has redefined the music business through the iPod, the cellphone business through the iPhone and the entertainment and media world through the iPad. Its software includes the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, the iWork suite of productivity software, iTunes, a proprietary media player application that works with iTunes store and allow customers to download music and offers other features of consumer electronics, the Safari web browser, and iOS, a mobile operating system. During the past 36 years, Apple has become a famous brand that technology of the world known and highly admired by the ingenious strategy, modern and sleek design, and always bring the products to satisfy consumers. Understanding how to think of Apple as product design, promotion, price and how to distribute it to customer that helps us to see the direction and shape of products that the company will launch in the near future. There have been few studies about Marketing Strategy of Apple Inc such as Maketing Fundamental Project (Christine, 2010),Marketing Mix of Apple Inc. Norm, 2012), Marketing Mix: Apple iPod (Angela, 2009), Accounting and Financial Analysis (Sachitanand, Denisa Alcides, 2008), External and Internal Factors on Apple Inc. (David, 2008) Apple and CEO Steve Jobs is enjoying the glory days in recent years by reputation and the success of the blockbuster iPhone, iPad, and MacBook Air.. However Apples not perfect in every way. In fact, the company also has great disadvantages need to improve in the future. What are the weaknesses of Apple that their opponents could exploit? There is little information of the customer’s feedback about the same mistakes of the products that have not been overcome by Apple Inc such as: No new design: a way of repeating the design of the 3G and 3G versions, ip4 and ip4s version, and the newest is ipad 2 and the new ipad design that a reason to make many people were disappointed because Apple did not release a new product is completely different design than the old version. With Ipod Gen 4, IP4s and The New Ipad products are common defects about low battery and overheat when using constantly 1 hour for playing game and searching web with Wifi and 3G. So far, Apple Inc. has some explanations but not yet for solution to the problem. They claim that ongoing research and promises to be a solution in the nearest time. Before success can not deny of Apple product and research to find out the cause of success is significant for managers. Especialy, when we is preparing to step into the process of global integration with the world economy. The prupose of this report is to determine whether competitive strategy can be attractive more tastes of customers, and this present paper is aimed at: â€Å"The Marketing Mix Strategy of Apple Inc. † It is hoped that information from this study may be useful in identifying the right product must be exhibited to right people at the right place, right price and right time.

Senator Joseph R. McCarthy Essay example -- Essays Papers

Senator Joseph R. McCarthy Even though he had humble beginnings, Joseph Raymond McCarthy, a single man, made a profound effect on the entire United States during his career. By following his life and what shaped McCarthy as an individual, a broader picture is brought into the scope of the cause of his false accusations. In the year 1908, in the northeast region of Wisconsin on a struggling farm, a devout Roman Catholic couple brought a their son, Joseph Raymond, into the world. The McCarthy’s, an Irish-American family, were hard working and industrious on their farm in a rural area of Wisconsin. Joseph attended a one-room schoolhouse as a boy. He was noted to be a very intelligent child, and finished grade school early. He was observed as an exuberant, outgoing child who was sometimes even intimidating to other children because of his aggressiveness and tendency to pick fights for the fun of it. Jospeh started his own chicken farm and in no time at all, became very successful in his business. Several years later, however, his luck took a bad turn and he had to give it up. He started working at a grocery store in Appleton, where he moved up to a manager position and was transferred to a store in Manawa, Wisconsin. In Manawa, Joseph made the store a huge success. He brought in all sorts of customers by going around town and all of his attention to his customers. It was shortly after his transfer that he decided to go back to school. McCarthy put so much effort into his studies that he completed high school in one year, even with extra curricular activities like hiking and basketball and school committies. He continued on to Marquette University in the fall... ... States Army and lost. He was discredited and Congress took a vote on whether or not to boot McCarthy out of office. He did not lose his seat, but McCarthy's career was on the decline. After the vote, McCarthy was continually cut by the White House, senatorial committees and the press. Due to lack of the public attention he needed, McCarthy turned to an old habit of his - drinking. Over the summer in 1956, McCarthy was repeatedly hospitalized for detoxification, and in 1957, was admitted once again for liver ailment due to alcohol abuse. At the age of 49, on May 2, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy died in Bethesda Naval Hospital. Works Cited Klingaman, William K., Encyclopedia of the McCarthy Era. New York: Facts on File, c1996. Reeves, Thomas C., The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: a biography/Thomas C. Reeves. NewYork: Stein and Day, 1982.

Psychoanalytical Reading at Roald Dahl Short Stories Essay

Psychoanalytical Reading Psychoanalysis is a theory that was found by psychologist and neurologist in the 19th century who came from Austria, Siegmund Freud. As a psychologist, in dealing his patients, Sigmund Freud always give questions and analyze every problem that they face, so he then get a lot of bright spots which states that personal experiences that they experienced as a child, have an impact in influencing the personality of a person when they was growing up. Based on that statement is then also can be concluded that the events of the past or a person’s life experience can affect their psychological condition, and consequently impact on the activities that will performed by the patient in the future. The statement above is one of the applications of the theory of psychoanalysis to the psychology of someone who is discovered by Freud. This case was also found in one of the famous writer on the Victorian era, Roald Dahl. The story of a childhood that passed by him regarded as a trigger of ideas for Dahl in composing children stories that are very well known until this time, such as Matilda, George’s Marvelous Medicine, The Witches, Charlie and The Chocolate Factory, and some of his work that is quite popular. Roald Dahl was born in Llandaff, Wales, on September 13, 1916. He was born from a family to a Norwegian. He was the son of the second wife of his father, Harald Dahl, and is the only son in the family. In his works, Roald Dahl describes his parents as being strong or as parents is very great. In the book Boy: Tales of Childhood, in telling that his father figure was superb, although his father lost his left hand, he is very adept at writing diaries, sculpt, and gardening. Dahl’s father died when he was 3 years old. Since his father’s death, the figure of a mother became the savior of their families. In her memoirs, recounted that Dahl has a very close relationship to his mother. For Dahl, his mother is someone who has the strength, which is responsible and very caring towards his family and his children. For example, the character of Grandmother in the story of The Witches is a picture of Roald Dahl’s mother. Dahl considers that the figure of the mother  is ver y valuable for them and can provide a convenience. The chosen short story that used by the writer in this essay is Boy: Tales of Childhood, which is one of the works of Roald Dahl that tells about the life of his childhood. This short story may be said to be the autobiography of Roald Dahl, but in the book Boy: Tales of Childhood, Dahl explains that this book is not an autobiography of him, but just a story about memories of his live gone through as a child, starting a story about his father, Harald Dahl, a tremendous diary-writer, the birth of a Roald Dahl, to the story of his school years until he left school at the age of 20. In this critical essay, the writer will criticize Boy: Tales of Childhood (1984), a story that tells about the early life of Dahl. Theory analysis used by the writer is the theory of psychoanalysis proposed by Sigmund Freud and utilizes the issues of the psychology of Dahl and the effect of his authorship. Writing can absolutely reflect the author’s psychological problem, or basically, his/her biggest desire or fear. It is explained in the quotation below that in a piece of writing, we can search for: Evidence of unresolved emotions, psychological conflicts, guilts, ambivalences, and so forth within what may well be a disunified literary work. The author’s own childhood traumas, family life, sexual conflicts, fixations, and such will be traceable within the behavior of the characters in the literary work. But psychological material will be expressed indirectly, disguised, or encoded (as in dreams) through principles such as â€Å"symbolism† (the repressed object represented in disguise), â€Å"condensation† (several thoughts or persons represented in a single image), and â€Å"displacement† (anxiety located onto another image by means of association). (Delahoyde 2011) Therefore, Boy: Tales of Childhood can be a basic source to find an issue from his unconscious. Based on that case, the writer raised issues about the state of psychology and experiences faced by Dahl when he was still sitting in school at the age of 7-18 years and the impact to the his authorship of children’s literature. The specific issue is about bully since the book  tells about it and later, I find that issue occurs in some other books by Dahl. During his childhood, Dahl was including as a resilient and strong kid, because in every level of education that he went through, from elementary, junior high, and high school, Dahl had always found himself bullied by people who are more mature than Dahl, such as seniors or boazers, matron, the hallway guard, and headmaster. Began when he attended Llandaff Cathedral School, where he was once punished by the headmaster, Dahl had to get strokes with a cane on his ass for what he did because Dahl is known to have tricked a woman selling sweets and candy in the they town, because the seller, Mrs. Pratchett, never show politeness and unfriendly to kids and costumers. Then, while attending St. Peter School when he was 9 years old, he also received harsh treatment from the guards/matron, masters, and the headmaster. One act of bullying that he got was when the school Latin teacher, Captain Hardcastle, Dahl accused of cheating while working on a writing assignment, but by Dahl was borrow his pen to a friend who broke his side. Because of allegations that, Dahl back should feel to get stroke with a cane on his ass AGAIN! The last, when he entered a public school in Derbyshire, Paxton, Dahl also harassment, insult and mockery, from the masters. The same ritual is contained in the boazers schools and principals als o punish students with strokes with a cane, but fortunately the same experience gained by Dahl had previously made ​​him cautious in every action that he did. It could be said in this case, past events or experiences that ever passed by Dahl when his school years were filled with unpleasant actions of the school officials, it could be a strong reason for the figure of a Dahl to write the story works containing about rudeness, or which is now better known as Bullying by adults or people who have a higher authority on children. In the two works which Dahl wrote, Matilda (1992) and George’s Marvelous Medicine (1981), we can see that the theme of both of these stories is  bullying, where the two characters in the works, Matilda and George had felt the bullying from people who are more mature than them both. Matilda always received harsh treatment from both the parents and her headmaster, and George have always had nagging and scolding of the grandmother who is not like him. In both of story above, Dahl used his childhood experiences in school to raise an issue, bullying and anti-bullying. It was concluded that Dahl wants to tell and invite readers, especially young readers, to be able to resist the actions of bullies from the other people. In conclusion, the writier end up using psychoanalytic theory of evidence that Roald Dahl uses his life experiences, especially when he was a child to adolescence as a matter of helping him find his ideas in writing his works. Thus, the state of a person’s psychology, personal experiences, is it good or bad experiences, can affect the activities to be gone through in the future, and sure enough, Dahl uses his school experience which can be considered extremely unpleasant and other matters as the originator the presence of the works he wrote. REFERENCES Dahl, Roald (1984). Boy: Tales of Childhood. Penguin Book Ltd: London Minderop, Albertine (2010). Psikologi Sastra: Karya Sastra, Metode, Teori, dan Contoh Kasus. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia: Jakarta Abrams, M.H (1999). A Glossary of Literary Term: Seventh Edition. Hcnle & Heinle: United State of America